Anestesia general durante la atención odontológica a niños y personas con discapacidad / General anesthesia for the dental care of children and people with disabilities

Introducción: La anestesia general es considerada como una herramienta farmacológica que forma parte de las técnicas avanzadas en odontología para el manejo de la conducta de pacientes poco colaboradores o con alguna discapacidad física y/o mental, sirviendo como mecanismo de soporte en la ejecución de tratamientos odontológicos. Objetivo: Evaluar el uso de la anestesia general durante la atención odontológica a niños y personas con discapacidad. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de la literatura en la que se analizaron 17 estudios publicados entre el 2009 y el 2019, seleccionados de seis bases de datos (MedLine-PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, Clinical Key, IBECS y Cuiden). Para el estudio se tuvieron en cuenta las recomendaciones del Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyes (PRISMA) y se mantuvo el rigor ético y metodológico correspondiente. Resultados: Los resultados de la búsqueda permitieron caracterizar los estudios por año, país y abordaje metodológico. La evidencia muestra que el uso de la anestesia general como técnica odontológica es útil y eficaz para el manejo de conducta en pacientes pediátricos y discapacitados. Conclusiones: La anestesia general es una excelente alternativa como técnica odontológica para la resolución de problemas bucodentales en niños y personas con discapacidades físicas y/o mentales y en el mejoramiento de su calidad de vida(AU)

Introduction: General anesthesia is considered to be a pharmacological tool included among the advanced dental techniques used to manage uncooperative and physically and/or mentally disabled patients, as well as a support mechanism in the performance of dental treatments. Objective: Evaluate the use of general anesthesia for the dental care of children and people with disabilities. Methods: A systematic bibliographic review was conducted of 17 studies published from 2009 to 2019 in six databases: MedLine-PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, Clinical Key, IBECS and Cuiden. The study followed the recommendations contained in Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and maintained the corresponding ethical and methodological rigor. Results: Search results made it possible to characterize the studies by year, country and methodological approach. The evidence obtained shows that general anesthesia is useful and effective as a technique to control the behavior of children and people with disabilities during dental care. Conclusions: General anesthesia is an excellent alternative as a technique to solve the oral problems of children and people with physical and/or mental disabilities, thus improving their quality of life(AU)

Escala de triagem odontológica para pacientes com necessidades especiais / Dental screening scale for patients with special needs

Objetivo: elaborar e testar uma Escala de Triagem Odontológica para Pacientes com Necessidades Especiais (PNEs). Métodos: a escala foi elaborada a partir da experiência clínica de um centro de referência para aten-dimento odontológico a PNEs e de evidências científicas. Foi construída utilizando cinco critérios principais: comportamento, necessidade e possibilidade de estabilização protetora, urgência odontológica (dor), núme-ro e complexidade de procedimentos odontológicos e local do atendimento (acessibilidade). O instrumento foi testado em 14 PNEs, que participaram de uma triagem no Centro de Especialidades Odontológicas (CEO) Jequitibá, na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel). Estudantes de gradua-ção a partir do oitavo semestre fizeram a aplicação, e o resultado da escala foi comparado ao parecer clínico realizado pelos pesquisadores experientes no atendimento a esses pacientes. Resultados: foi observada uma concordância em 85% dos casos. Conclusão: o instrumento apresentou desempenho comparável à avalia-ção de profissionais com expertise, e a escala pode ser um instrumento útil para ser empregado em serviços odontológicos que oferecem atendimento aos PNEs. A sua utilização em meio acadêmico também pode pro-porcionar o empoderamento dos critérios de avaliação pelos estudantes, proporcionando maior segurança em acolher, atender ou encaminhar esse público no seu futuro profissional. (AU)

Objective: to develop and test a dental screening scale to be used of patients with special needs (PSN). Method: the scale was developed based on the clinical experience of a reference center for dental care for PSN and scientific evidence. It was built using 5 main criteria: behavior, need and possibility of protective stabilization (PE), dental urgency (pain), number and complexity of dental procedures and place of care (accessibility). The instrument was tested on 14 PSN who participated in a screening at the Center for Dental Specialties (CEO) Jequitibá, Faculty of Dentistry, UFPEL. Undergraduate students from the eighth semester onwards applied and the result of the scale was compared to the clinical opinion carried out by experienced researchers in the care of these patients. Results: agreement was observed in 85% of cases. Conclusion: the instrument presented performance comparable to the evaluation of professionals with expertise and the scale can be a useful instrument to be used in dental services that offer care to PSN. Its use in academia can also provide the empowerment of assessment criteria by students, providing greater security in welcoming, serving or referring this audience in their professional future.

Lesiones cariosas en niños con discapacidad de 0-12 años en una población peruana / Carious lesions in children with disabilities aged 0-12 years from a Peruvian population

RESUMEN Introducción: Existen diversos indicadores y controversias en la prevalencia de caries en niños con y sin discapacidad. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de lesiones de caries cavitadas y no cavitadas mediante el índice CPO-D/ceo-d y el registro de lesión de mancha blanca o lesión no cavitada activa en niños con y sin discapacidad de 0-12 años atendidos en el Centro Odontológico de la Universidad de San Martín de Porres entre los años 2010-2017, Lima, Perú. Métodos: Diseño observacional, transversal y retrospectivo. Población conformada por niños atendidos en la Especialidad de Odontopediatría del durante los años 2010-2017. Se identificaron 71 pacientes: 31 sin discapacidad y 40 con discapacidad. Se revisó el odontograma de la historia clínica, índice CPO-D/ceo-d y lesiones no cavitadas activas para determinar la presencia de caries dental. Resultados: En dentición decidua en niños sin discapacidad, el promedio del total de piezas afectadas (ceo-d + lesiones no cavitadas activas) fue de 15,83 y en los niños con discapacidad fue 11,64; en dientes deciduos de la dentición mixta en niños sin discapacidad se encontró un total de ceo-d de 7,86 y en niños con discapacidad presentaron un ceo-d de 8,20; en dientes permanentes de la dentición mixta en niños sin discapacidad se evidenció un CPO-D de 3,29 y en niños con discapacidad presentaron un CPO-D de 2,27. Solo se halló diferencia estadísticamente significativa del total de piezas afectadas, en dentición decidua de niños con y sin discapacidad (p = 0,013). Conclusiones: Los niños con discapacidad presentaron solo una mayor prevalencia de lesiones de caries cavitadas y no cavitadas en dientes deciduos de la dentición mixta, en contraste con los niños sin discapacidad (sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa). En el resto de las denticiones (decidua y permanente de la mixta) la prevalencia de lesiones de caries en pacientes con discapacidad fue menor, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: There are various indicators of and controversies about the prevalence of dental caries in children with and without disabilities. Objective: Determine the prevalence of cavitated and uncavitated carious lesions based on the CPO-D/ceo-d index and the white spot lesion or active uncavitated lesion registry in children with and without disabilities aged 0-12 years attending the Dental Care Center at San Martín de Porres University in the period 2010-2017. Methods: A cross-sectional observational retrospective study was conducted of a population composed of the children attending the pediatric dental care service in the period 2010-2017. Seventy-one patients were identified: 31 without disabilities and 40 with disabilities. A review was done of the dental chart in the medical record, the CPO-D/ceo-d index and active uncavitated lesions to determine the presence of dental caries. Results: Average total affected deciduous teeth (ceo-d + active uncavitated lesions) was 15.83 in children without disabilities and 11.64 in children with disabilities; in mixed dentition deciduous teeth total ceo-d was 7.86 in children without disabilities and 8.20 in children with disabilities; in mixed dentition permanent teeth CPO-D was 3.29 in children without disabilities and 2.27 in children with disabilities. A statistically significant difference in the total affected teeth was only found in deciduous dentition of children with and without disabilities (p = 0.013). Conclusions: Children with disabilities only showed a greater prevalence of cavitated and uncavitated carious lesions in mixed dentition deciduous teeth, in contrast with children without disabilities (not a statistically significant difference). In the remaining dentitions (mixed deciduous and permanent) prevalence of carious lesions was lower in patients with disabilities, with statistically significant differences(AU)

Impact of sensory adapted dental environment on children with developmental disabilities.

AIMS: This was a pilot study assessing the impact of a sensory adapted dental environment (SADE) on children with developmental disabilities (DD) receiving routine dental care. METHODS: A crossover study of 22 children with DD, aged 6 through 21, was conducted at a University Pediatric Dental clinic. Each participant was randomized to a sequence of two dental cleanings on a 3- to 4-month recall schedule, one with a regular dental environment (RDE) and one with SADE. Outcomes included physiological measures (heart rate and oxygen saturation) and cooperation (Frankl scores). RESULTS: Study subjects completed 36 visits. None of the physiological measures differed at either time point between the two treatment settings. The Frankl scores were significantly higher with SADE setting than RDE (P = 0.0368). Forty-six percent of parents strongly agreed that they would prefer the SADE for their child's next visit. CONCLUSION: SADE may be associated with improved behavior in children with DD.

Parental Satisfaction with Ambulatory Anesthesia during Dental Treatment for Disabled Individuals and Their Preference for Same in Future.

The purpose of this study was to survey parental satisfaction with ambulatory anesthesia during dental treatment in disabled patients. Factors associated with parental preference for general anesthesia during future dental treatment in such patients were also investigated. A questionnaire was mailed to the parents of 181 disabled individuals who underwent dental treatment under ambulatory anesthesia at Tokyo Dental College Suidobashi Hospital between 2012 and 2016. A total of 71 responses were received (39.2%). The mean patient age was 18 years, and disabilities included autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, and epilepsy. The items surveyed included dental treatment details, number of times patients received general anesthesia, type of anesthetic used, anesthesia induction method, durations of treatment and anesthesia, and the presence or absence of intraoperative or postoperative complications. Questionnaire items queried problems related to dental care, anesthesia history, preoperative anxiety, length of fasting period, induction of general anesthesia, nursing and hospital room environment, postoperative anxiety, overall evaluation, and whether the parent would prefer general anesthesia during future dental treatment. The patients were divided into 2 groups: those whose parents preferred general anesthesia during future dental treatment and those whose parents did not. The results revealed that, where disabled individuals had previously received general anesthesia during dental treatment, the parents were more likely to prefer general anesthesia during future dental treatment.

A study of the dental treatment needs of special patients: cerebral paralysis and Down syndrome.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to compare the dental characteristics and the oral health care needs of patients with Cerebral Paralysis (CP) and Down Syndrome (DS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The selected sample consisted of 28 patients of both sexes between 10 and 20 years of age. STUDY DESIGN: observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. STATISTICS: The statistical analysis was carried out with the SPSS 19.0 program for Windows. The frequency distribution and contingency tables were analysed, as was interobserver concordance. non mi è chiaro cosa intendono qui. RESULTS: Fifty percent of the patients with CP presented dental traumas, compared to 15% of the patients with DS. Dental prophylaxis was the most prevalent treatment in both groups (77% in CP compared to 86.7% in DS). The most frequent habit was oral breathing, which was found in 69.2% of the patients with CP and 80% of those with DS. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CP and DS require early dental care in order to prevent and limit the severity of the pathologies observed.

Strategies and dental care in the treatment of patients with myelomeningocele.

Myelomeningocele (MMC) is a congenital malformation that occurs in the embryonic period, characterized by failure in closure of the caudal portion of the neural tube during central nervous system formation. Alterations and complications can be associated with this condition, such as hydrocephalus, neurogenic bladder, orthopedic problems, and motor and cognitive impairment. This patients with MMC also have predisposition to develop latex allergy and high caries risk and activity due to deficient oral hygiene, fermentable carbon hydrate-rich diet and prolonged use of sugar-containing oral medications. This paper reports the oral findings and dental treatment in a 15-year-old female patient diagnosed with MMC and describes the strategies used to improve dental treatment conditions and reduce the impact of associated risks to her health. The measures and precautions adopted in this case could be useful to reduce the barriers for patients with the same condition to access oral health care: regular visits to the dentist, initiating as early as possible; frequent reinforcement of oral homecare instructions and diet counseling; minor adaptions to the dental chair and dental office to improve ease of access due to patients' mobility problems; prevention of latex-related allergic reactions; reduction of gag reflex during dental procedures.

Pharmacological behaviour support for adults with intellectual disabilities: Frequency and predictors in a national cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVE: To report frequency and predictors of reported pharmacological behaviour support use among older adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) accessing dental care in Ireland. METHODS: Data from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of adults with ID over 40 years of age allowed identification of the reported frequency of pharmacological behaviour support use. Predictors of pharmacological support were identified using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Most older adults with ID did not report the use of any pharmacological support to receive dental care: only 0.9% reported use of inhalation sedation; 2.4% intravenous (IV) sedation; 8.6% general anaesthesia (GA); and 16.0% oral sedation. Participants reporting challenging behaviour (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.3-2.9), significant difficulty speaking (OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.8-4.8) and obvious oral problems (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.6-4.1) had greater odds of reporting pharmacological, that is, GA or conscious sedation (CS), rather than nonpharmacological supports for dental care, compared to those who were not. CONCLUSIONS: People with ID report a diverse range of support use, with many using GA or CS, particularly oral sedation, for dental treatment. This highlights a need for training and governance for dentists who provide this care. Patients who present with challenging behaviour, oral problems and, interestingly, difficulty with expressive communication are more likely to report use of pharmacological supports. The above has implications for dental service design and delivery for this population.

Necesidad de tratamiento estomatológico en niños discapacitados de La Habana / Necessidade de tratamento estomatológico em crianças deficientes em Havana / Need for stomatological treatment in disabled children of Havana

Introducción: el paciente discapacitado constituye un grupo priorizado dentro de la atención estomatológica cubana ya que su salud bucal está influenciada por diversos factores. Objetivo: determinar factores de riesgo, enfermedades bucales, así como la necesidad de tratamiento estomatológico de los pacientes discapacitados según la categoría diagnóstica de la Escuela Especial Luis Ramírez López. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en el período comprendido entre 2016-2017. El universo estuvo constituido por los 72 alumnos matriculados en la escuela. Resultados: la categoría diagnosticada que prevaleció fue el retraso mental leve con 79,2 por ciento. El 55,6 por ciento de la población estudiada presentó higiene bucal adecuada, siendo el retraso mental leve la categoría más representativa. El 62,5 por ciento de los niños presentó caries dental, el 60.0 por ciento enfermedad periodontal y el 33,3 por ciento maloclusión. De la población estudiada el 62,5 por ciento necesitó tratamiento conservador, el 33,3 tratamiento ortodóntico y el 9,7 tratamiento periodontal. Conclusiones: predominaron los niños con retraso mental leve, higiene bucal adecuada y caries dental, condicionando una alta necesidad de tratamiento conservador(AU)

Introduction: the disabled patient is a prioritized group in Cuban dental care since his or her oral health is influenced by several factors. Objective: to determine risk factors, oral diseases, as well as the need for stomatological treatment of disabled patients according to the diagnostic category of the Special School Luis Ramirez Lopez. Method: a cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in the period 2016-2017. The universe was constituted by the 72 students enrolled in the school. Results: the diagnosed category that prevailed was mild mental retardation with 79.2 percent. 55.6 percent of the studied population presented adequate oral hygiene, with mild mental retardation being the most representative category. 62.5 percent of children had dental caries, 60.0 percent periodontal disease and 33.3 percent malocclusion. Of the population, 62.5 percent required conservative treatment, 33.3 orthodontic treatments and 9.7 periodontal treatments. Conclusions: children with mild Mental retardation predominated with adequate oral hygiene, dental caries also conditioning a high need for conservative treatment(AU)

Introdução: o paciente com deficiência é um grupo prioritário no atendimento odontológico cubano, uma vez que sua saúde bucal é influenciada por vários fatores. Objetivo: determinar fatores de risco, doenças bucais, bem como a necessidade de tratamento estomatológico de pacientes com deficiência de acordo com a categoria diagnóstica da Escola Especial Luis Ramírez López. Método: estudo transversal no período 2016-2017. O universo consistiu de 72 alunos matriculados na escola. Resultados: A categoria que prevaleceu foi diagnosticado retardo mental leve, com 79,2 por cento. 55,6 por cento da população do estudo tinha a higiene oral, retardo mental leve adequada sendo a categoria mais representativa. 62,5 por cento das crianças tinham cárie dentária, doença periodontal 60,0 por cento e 33,3 por cento de má oclusão. Da população de estudo de 62,5 por cento tratamento conservador necessário, 33,3 e 9,7 tratamento ortodôntico tratamento periodontal. Conclusões: predominaram as crianças com retardo mental leve, boa higiene oral e cárie dentária, determinando uma alta necessidade de tratamento conservador. Método: estudo descritivo transversal, realizado no período 2016-2017. O universo foi constituído pelos 72 alunos matriculados na escola. Resultados: a categoria diagnosticada que prevaleceu foi o retardo mental leve com 79,2 por cento. 55,6 por cento da população estudada apresentavam higiene bucal adequada, sendo o retardo mental leve a categoria mais representativa. 62,5% das crianças tinham cárie dentária, 60,0 por cento doença periodontal e 33,3 por cento maloclusão. Da população estudada, 62,5% necessitaram de tratamento conservador, 33,3 tratamento ortodôntico e 9,7 tratamento periodontal. Conclusões: crianças com retardo mental leve, higiene bucal adequada e cárie dentária predominaram, condicionando grande necessidade de tratamento conservador(AU)

Necesidad de tratamiento estomatológico en niños discapacitados de La Habana / Need for stomatological treatment in disabled children of Havana

Introducción: el paciente discapacitado constituye un grupo priorizado dentro de la atención estomatológica cubana ya que su salud bucal está influenciada por diversos factores. Objetivo: determinar factores de riesgo, enfermedades bucales, así como la necesidad de tratamiento estomatológico de los pacientes discapacitados según la categoría diagnóstica de la Escuela Especial "Luis Ramírez López". Método: estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en el período comprendido entre 2016-2017. El universo estuvo constituido por los 72 alumnos matriculados en la escuela. Resultados: la categoría diagnosticada que prevaleció fue el retraso mental leve con 79,2 por ciento. El 55,6 por ciento de la población estudiada presentó higiene bucal adecuada, siendo el retraso mental leve la categoría más representativa. El 62,5 por ciento de los niños presentó caries dental, el 60.0 por ciento enfermedad periodontal y el 33,3 por ciento maloclusión. De la población estudiada el 62,5 por ciento necesitó tratamiento conservador, el 33,3 tratamiento ortodóntico y el 9,7 tratamiento periodontal. Conclusiones: predominaron los niños con retraso mental leve, higiene bucal adecuada y caries dental, condicionando una alta necesidad de tratamiento conservador(AU)

Introduction: the disabled patient is a prioritized group in Cuban dental care since his or her oral health is influenced by several factors. Objective: to determine risk factors, oral diseases, as well as the need for stomatological treatment of disabled patients according to the diagnostic category of the Special School "Luis Ramirez Lopez". Method: a cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in the period 2016-2017. The universe was constituted by the 72 students enrolled in the school. Results: the diagnosed category that prevailed was mild mental retardation with 79.2 percent. 55.6 percent of the studied population presented adequate oral hygiene, with mild mental retardation being the most representative category. 62.5 percent of children had dental caries, 60.0 percent periodontal disease and 33.3 percent malocclusion. Of the population, 62.5 percent required conservative treatment, 33.3 orthodontic treatments and 9.7 periodontal treatments. Conclusions: children with mild Mental retardation predominated with adequate oral hygiene, dental caries also conditioning a high need for conservative treatment(AU)

Introdução: o paciente com deficiência é um grupo prioritário no atendimento odontológico cubano, uma vez que sua saúde bucal é influenciada por vários fatores. Objetivo: determinar fatores de risco, doenças bucais, bem como a necessidade de tratamento estomatológico de pacientes com deficiência de acordo com a categoria diagnóstica da Escola Especial "Luis Ramírez López". Método: estudo transversal no período 2016-2017. O universo consistiu de 72 alunos matriculados na escola. Resultados: A categoria que prevaleceu foi diagnosticado retardo mental leve, com 79, por cento. 55,6 por cento da população do estudo tinha a higiene oral, retardo mental leve adequada sendo a categoria mais representativa. 62,5 por cento das crianças tinham cárie dentária, doença periodontal 60,0 por cento e 33,3 por cento de má oclusão. Da população de estudo de 62,5 por cento tratamento conservador necessário, 33,3 e 9,7 tratamento ortodôntico tratamento periodontal. Conclusões: predominaram as crianças com retardo mental leve, boa higiene oral e cárie dentária, determinando uma alta necessidade de tratamento conservador. Método: estudo descritivo transversal, realizado no período 2016-2017. O universo foi constituído pelos 72 alunos matriculados na escola. Resultados: a categoria diagnosticada que prevaleceu foi o retardo mental leve com 79,2 por cento. 55,6 por cento da população estudada apresentavam higiene bucal adequada, sendo o retardo mental leve a categoria mais representativa. 62,5 por cento das crianças tinham cárie dentária, 60,0 por cento doença periodontal e 33,3 por cento maloclusão. Da população estudada, 62,5 por cento necessitaram de tratamento conservador, 33,3 tratamento ortodôntico e 9,7 tratamento periodontal. Conclusões: crianças com retardo mental leve, higiene bucal adequada e cárie dentária predominaram, condicionando grande necessidade de tratamento conservador(AU)

Atención odontológica a personas con discapacidad intelectual: una cuestión de derecho / Dental care for people with intellectual disabilities: a matter of law

En el planeta hay 100 millones de personas con alguna discapacidad yen México es el 6.2 por ciento de la población total. Estas personas son altamente vulnerables porque el entorno donde se desenvuelven no ofrece las condiciones para favorecer su integración y participación social, como el acceso a servicios médicos. De acuerdo con la Organización Mundialde la Salud, las personas con discapacidad son las menos atendidas en los Servicios Odontológicos, principalmente por inexperiencia del profesionista sobre el trato a estas personas, o bien por desconocimiento de los familiares-cuidadores de la importancia de mantener una boca sana. Las personas con discapacidad intelectual (PDI) constituyen un retopara el odontólogo, quien tiene que capacitarse para diseñar estrategiaspara su atención, ya que los tratamientos para este tipo de pacientes son específicos y poco convencionales. Adicionalmente conviene tomar precauciones en su atención dental, debido a que los PDI consumen diversos medicamentos, por lo que el odontólogo debe asegurarsecon otros especialistas para su manejo. Un punto medular sobre las características de la atención odontológica es que ésta tiene que generar confianza y enfrentar con paciencia y destreza a un PDI que cumpla con las expectativas del usuario, trato digno, calidez y confianza centrada en la prevención como principal criterio en la intervención odontológica, sobre todo en la supervisión de la higiene por parte de los familiares. Actualmente se habla de la relación médico-paciente participativa donde se define lo que corresponde a cada persona involucrada en el cuidado de la PDI, sin olvidar que esta atención conviene que sea en equipo. Así, ante este contexto, los odontólogos tendrían que formarseen el cuidado de la salud de las PDI quienes son sujetos de derecho,por tanto tienen que ser atendidos, respetados y tratados con dignidad.

On the planet, there are 100 million people with some disability andin Mexico; it is 6.2% of the total population. These people are highly vulnerable because the environment where they operate does not offer the conditions to favor their integration and social participation, such as access to medical services. According to the World Health Organization, people with disabilities are the least attended in the dental services, mainly because of the inexperience of the professional about the treatment of these people, or because the family/caregivers do notknow about the importance of maintaining a healthy mouth. People with intellectual disabilities (PIDs) are a challenge for the dentist,who has to be trained to design strategies for their care since the treatments for these types of patients are specific and unconventional.In addition, precautions should be taken in dental care, because PIDsconsume different medications, so the dentist must be sure with other specialists to handle them. A central point about the characteristicsof dental care is that it has to generate trust and face with patience and dexterity a PDIs that meets user expectations, dignified treatment, warmth, and confidence focused on prevention as the main criterion inthe intervention dental care, especially in the supervision of the hygieneby the relatives. At the moment we are talking about the participative doctor-patient relationship where it is defined that corresponds to eachperson involved in the care of the PDIs, without forgetting that this careshould be in a team. Thus in this context dentists should be trained inthe health care of the IDPs who are subjects of law, therefore have tobe attended, respected and treated with dignity.

The Anesthetic Management for a Patient With Trisomy 13.

Trisomy 13 is a chromosomal disorder that occurs in complete or partial mosaic forms. It is characterized by central apnea, mental retardation, seizure and congenital heart disease. The survival of the patients with trisomy 13 is the majority dying before one month. Trisomy 13 is the worst life prognosis among all trisomy syndromes. It is reported the cause of death is central apnea. Special needs patients with mental retardation are recognized to have poorer oral health condition. Oral health related quality of life reflects daily activity and well-being. Dental treatment under general anesthesia is sometimes an option for such patients. This patient had received ventricular septal defect closure surgery at 2-year-old. In addition, he had mental retardation and seizure. Dental treatment had been completed without any cerebral and cardiovascular events under non-invasive monitoring with not only cardiac electric velocimetry, but also epileptogenic activity. In addition, postoperative respiratory condition was maintained stable in room air.

Visual pedagogy and probiotics for hearing impaired children: A pilot study.

CONTEXT: Oral health care for children with special needs remains largely unmet. It is important that we should focus on preventive strategies for special children to help curtail and prevent oral diseases. AIM: This study aimed to assess the effect of visual pedagogy and probiotic mouth rinse on the periodontal health of hearing impaired children. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY: The study cohort consisted of twenty children with hearing impairment (HI) and 20 age-matched healthy children. The gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), and salivary pH for all children were assessed at baseline, 15 days after oral hygiene training using visual pedagogy, 15 days after probiotic mouth rinse introduction, and at the end of the test period, i.e., 2 months after discontinuing probiotics. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Comparison of means was carried out using the Student's t-test. Intragroup parameters were assessed using the one-way ANOVA, followed by the post hoc Scheffe test. Value for statistical significance was fixed at 0.05. RESULTS: The GI and PI scores did not improve significantly after oral hygiene training in either of the two groups. The use of probiotic mouth rinse significantly reduced GI scores (<0.01) and PI scores (<0.01) and increased salivary pH above the critical pH in both groups. CONCLUSION: The use of visual pedagogy coupled with probiotic mouth rinsing may improve the periodontal status of children with HI and should be explored as a preventive procedure for children with special health-care needs.

Manejo odontológico del paciente con hipoacusia neurosensorial profunda bilateral / Dental management of patients with bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss

Introducción: la hipoacusia es la disminución de la agudeza auditiva o de la capacidad para captar el sonido; esta puede ser neurosensorial, conductiva o mixta. La hipoacusia neurosensorial resulta de alteraciones en el oído interno, nervio auditivo o en los núcleos auditivos del tronco cerebral. El manejo de estos pacientes requiere disposición, conocimientos y calidez para el correcto desarrollo de la atención estomatológica. Objetivo: reportar el manejo odontológico de un paciente con hipoacusia neurosensorial profunda bilateral. Presentación del caso: paciente femenino de 7 años y 10 meses de edad con diagnóstico de hipoacusia neurosensorial profunda bilateral, quien acude a consulta por presentar dolor. A la inspección física, paciente mesofacial, perfil convexo. Intraoralmente se observan tejidos blandos clínicamente sanos, alteraciones de número y posición, caries moderada e higiene deficiente. Durante la inspección clínica la paciente se mostró poco cooperadora (Frankl II). El plan de tratamiento consistió en prevención, operatoria, ortopedia y cirugía. Para el manejo del paciente se incluyó un lenguaje de señas básico con uso de careta y sin cubreboca, modelado con otros pacientes. Se modificó la técnica decir, mostrar y hacer por mostrar/oler, tocar y hacer. Conclusiones: el odontopediatra debe tener las competencias necesarias para la atención integral de pacientes con capacidades diferentes. El manejo de la conducta y el cuidado multidisciplinario del paciente en edades tempranas es fundamental para el éxito del tratamiento. En el caso clínico que se presenta se resalta la efectividad del manejo conductual modificado, lo cual incrementó la posibilidad de éxito de la rehabilitación dental del paciente, así como de su seguimiento(AU)

Introduction: hearing loss is reduced auditory acuity or a decrease in the ability to perceive sound. It may be sensorineural, conductive or mixed. Sensorineural hearing loss results from alterations in the inner ear, the auditory nerve or the auditory brainstem nuclei. Dental management of these patients requires willingness, knowledge and warmth on the part of the dental practitioner. Objective: report the dental management of a patient with bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss. Case presentation: a female patient aged 7 years and 10 months diagnosed with bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss attends consultation for dental pain. At physical inspection, it is observed that the patient is mesofacial with a convex profile. Intraoral examination found clinically healthy soft tissue, tooth alterations in number and position, moderate decay and poor hygiene. During clinical inspection, the patient was uncooperative (Frankl II). Treatment consisted in prevention, restoration, orthopedics and surgery. Management of the patient included use of basic sign language and a mask without the practitioner wearing a facemask, and modeling with other patients. The technique of say, show and do was replaced by show / smell, touch and do. Conclusions: pediatric dentists should have the skills required for the comprehensive care of patients with different capabilities. Behavior management and multidisciplinary care of very young patients is essential for a successful treatment. The clinical case herein presented highlights the effectiveness of modified behavior management, which increased the chances of success in the patient's dental rehabilitation and follow-up(AU)

Manejo odontológico del paciente con hipoacusia neurosensorial profunda bilateral / Dental management of patients with bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss

Introducción: la hipoacusia es la disminución de la agudeza auditiva o de la capacidad para captar el sonido; esta puede ser neurosensorial, conductiva o mixta. La hipoacusia neurosensorial resulta de alteraciones en el oído interno, nervio auditivo o en los núcleos auditivos del tronco cerebral. El manejo de estos pacientes requiere disposición, conocimientos y calidez para el correcto desarrollo de la atención estomatológica. Objetivo: reportar el manejo odontológico de un paciente con hipoacusia neurosensorial profunda bilateral. Presentación del caso: paciente femenino de 7 años y 10 meses de edad con diagnóstico de hipoacusia neurosensorial profunda bilateral, quien acude a consulta por presentar dolor. A la inspección física, paciente mesofacial, perfil convexo. Intraoralmente se observan tejidos blandos clínicamente sanos, alteraciones de número y posición, caries moderada e higiene deficiente. Durante la inspección clínica la paciente se mostró poco cooperadora (Frankl II). El plan de tratamiento consistió en prevención, operatoria, ortopedia y cirugía. Para el manejo del paciente se incluyó un lenguaje de señas básico con uso de careta y sin cubreboca, modelado con otros pacientes. Se modificó la técnica decir, mostrar y hacer por mostrar/oler, tocar y hacer. Conclusiones: el odontopediatra debe tener las competencias necesarias para la atención integral de pacientes con capacidades diferentes. El manejo de la conducta y el cuidado multidisciplinario del paciente en edades tempranas es fundamental para el éxito del tratamiento. En el caso clínico que se presenta se resalta la efectividad del manejo conductual modificado, lo cual incrementó la posibilidad de éxito de la rehabilitación dental del paciente, así como de su seguimiento(AU)

Introduction: hearing loss is reduced auditory acuity or a decrease in the ability to perceive sound. It may be sensorineural, conductive or mixed. Sensorineural hearing loss results from alterations in the inner ear, the auditory nerve or the auditory brainstem nuclei. Dental management of these patients requires willingness, knowledge and warmth on the part of the dental practitioner. Objective: report the dental management of a patient with bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss. Case presentation: a female patient aged 7 years and 10 months diagnosed with bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss attends consultation for dental pain. At physical inspection, it is observed that the patient is mesofacial with a convex profile. Intraoral examination found clinically healthy soft tissue, tooth alterations in number and position, moderate decay and poor hygiene. During clinical inspection, the patient was uncooperative (Frankl II). Treatment consisted in prevention, restoration, orthopedics and surgery. Management of the patient included use of basic sign language and a mask without the practitioner wearing a facemask, and modeling with other patients. The technique of say, show and do was replaced by show / smell, touch and do. Conclusions: pediatric dentists should have the skills required for the comprehensive care of patients with different capabilities. Behavior management and multidisciplinary care of very young patients is essential for a successful treatment. The clinical case herein presented highlights the effectiveness of modified behavior management, which increased the chances of success in the patient's dental rehabilitation and follow-up(AU)

Predicting successful dental examinations for children with autism spectrum disorder in the context of a dental desensitization program.

BACKGROUND: The authors evaluated the effectiveness of a dental desensitization program for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and determined characteristics associated with a successful dental examination. METHODS: The authors performed a retrospective review of clinical behavioral data and previsit questionnaires for 168 children with ASD who attended a university-based dental desensitization program. Data elements included demographic, treatment, and behavioral characteristics. The primary outcome was receiving a minimal threshold examination (MTE) while seated in a dental chair. RESULTS: An MTE was achieved for 77.4% of all children within 1 to 2 visits and 87.5% in 5 visits or less. Several factors predicted a successful dental examination: ability to be involved in group activities (relative risk [RR], 1.18; P = .02), ability to communicate verbally (RR, 1.17; P < .01), understanding of most language (RR, 1.14; P = .02), moderate versus severe caregiver-rated ASD severity (RR, 1.24; P = .04), and ability to dress self (RR, 1.27; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Desensitization was effective in achieving an MTE for most children. Those with characteristics consistent of a milder presentation of ASD were more likely to be successful. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Desensitization can be a successful approach to providing dental care for children with ASD.

Comparison of patients with and without intellectual disability under general anesthesia: A retrospective study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We analyzed and retrospectively compared patients with and without intellectual disability (ID) who underwent oral surgery under general anesthesia at Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of General Anesthesia, between October 2012 and June 2013 with regard to the following categories: Demographic features, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, Mallampati score, type of anesthetic drug used during the operation, type of intubation used, any difficulties with tracheal intubation, presence of systemic diseases, and recovery times after ending general anesthesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 348 patients were selected from the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and the Department of Pedodontics who underwent surgery with general anesthesia. Medical histories of all patients were taken, and their electrocardiography, chest X-rays, complete blood count, and blood clotting tests were checked during a preoperative assessment. Mallampati evaluations were also performed. Patients were grouped into ASA I, II, or III according to the ASA classification and were treated under general anesthesia. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between normal and intellectually disabled patients in terms of gender, Mallampati scores, intubation difficulties, mean anesthetic period, time to discharge, or postoperative nausea and vomiting. Epilepsy and genetic diseases in intellectually disabled patients were significantly more common than in non-ID (NID) patients. However, the frequency of diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in NID patients was significantly higher than in the intellectually disabled patients. CONCLUSION: Dental treatment of intellectually disabled patients under general anesthesia can be performed just as safely as that with NID patients.

[Groping in the dark: unheard pain 2]. / Tasten in het duister: niet gehoorde pijnklachten 2.

For a very severely mentally disabled, deaf and blind man, it was always very difficult to carry out dental check-ups, diagnosis and treatment, even with pharmacologic support. The man cannot communicate pain. When caries and calculus were diagnosed, the man was treated under general anaesthesia. During this treatment session he was also found to have severe periodontal disease and peri-apical problems. The legal representative of the patient was unavailable for consultation on changes to the pre-prepared preliminary treatment plan. This created a dilemma for the dental treatment team. This case study was presented during the conference 'State of the art' on March 17, 2017, that was organised by the Society for the Promotion of Dental Health Care for People with Disabilities (VBTGG). In this second part of the case, the treatment that was ultimately chosen is described, considered and discussed.

Valoraciones de futuros estomatólogos sobre su formación para la atención al paciente sordo, La Habana, 2016 / Future odonatologists educational evaluation for the attention to the deaf patient, Havana, 2016

Introducción: La sordera es una disminución única y el interés que muestran los futuros estomatólogos por conocer la comunidad sorda es para brindar un tratamiento estomatológico más integral. Objetivo: Identificar las valoraciones de los futuros estomatólogos sobre su formación para la atención al paciente sordo. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se estudió una población de 35 estudiantes de quinto año de Estomatología, con edad promedio de 22 años, de ambos sexos, pertenecientes al Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Preclínicas Victoria de Girón del Municipio Playa en La Habana, en marzo de 2016. Estos recibieron el curso optativo Manejo odontológico del paciente sordo y posteriormente se les realizó una encuesta. Las variables estudiadas fueron: sexo, temas más interesantes del curso optativo recibido, satisfacción de las necesidades de aprendizaje específicas para la atención estomatológica al paciente sordo, necesidad de recibir el curso optativo como complemento del Plan de Estudios de la Carrera. Resultados: El sexo femenino fue el de mayor predominio con 74.3 por ciento. El tema más interesante fue la Lengua de Señas Cubana para 62.9 por ciento. El 65.7 por ciento de los estudiantes encuestados creen que lo impartido en el plan de estudios de la carrera no satisface las necesidades especiales de atención estomatológica del paciente sordo. En correspondencia, 91.4 por ciento considera que necesita recibir el curso optativo para complementar el plan de estudios. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los estudiantes de estomatología encuestados es del sexo femenino, se interesa por la Lengua de Señas Cubana y considera que necesita del curso optativo Manejo odontológico del paciente sordo, para complementar el plan de estudios de la carrera(AU)

Introduction: Deafness is a unique decline and the interest shown by future stomatologists to know the deaf community is related with their interest to provide a more comprehensive stomatological treatment. Objective: To identify future stomatologists' assessments of their training in the care of deaf patients. Material and Method: In March 2016, a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in a population of 35 students in the fifth year of stomatologys career from the Institute of Basic and Preclinical Sciences Victoria de Girón Playa Municipality in Havana, with an average age of 22 years, of both sexes. They received the optional training course Dental management of the deaf patient and then was performed a survey. The variables studied were: sex, more interesting subjects of the elective course received, satisfaction of the specific learning needs for the deaf patients stomatological attention, the need of receiving an optional course as a complement to their Career Curriculum. Results: The female sex was the most prevalent with 74.3 percent. The most interesting topic was the Cuban Signs Language for a 62.9 percent. 65.7 percent of the students surveyed believe that what it is taught in the career does not meet the special dental care needs of the deaf patient. Correspondingly, 91.4 percent consider that they need to receive an elective course as a complement of the curriculum. Conclusions: The majority of stomatology students surveyed were female, they shown an interest in the Cuban Signs Language and consider that they need the optional course Deaf patient dental management , to complement the curriculum of the course(AU)

[Groping in the dark: pain that goes unheard 1]. / Tasten in het duister: niet gehoorde pijnklachten 1.

Even with pharmalogical support, it is always very difficult to carry out dental check-ups on a deaf-blind man with profound intellectual disabilities. The man cannot communicate pain. Further diagnostic measures and treatment are impossible while using only oral sedation. When caries and calculus are diagnosed, the man is treated under general anaesthesia. In this treatment session severe periodontal disease and peri-apical problems are also diagnosed. The legal representative of the patient is unavailable for consultation on changes to the pre-prepared preliminary treatment plan during the treatment session. This creates a dilemma for the dental treatment §team. This case study will be presented during the conference 'State of the art' on 17 March 2017, by the Society for the Promotion of Dental Health Care for People with Disabilities (VBTGG). This case can be read before the conference exclusively by the readers of the Dutch Journal of Dentistry (NTvT). The chosen treatment will be published in the edition of April 2017.